गरज स्त्रियांना न्याय देणाऱ्या कायद्याची - UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

                     गरज स्त्रियांना न्याय देणाऱ्या कायद्याची                                                      UNIFORM CIVIL CODE

(माहितीसाठी :- सदर लेख हा आज दिनांक २३.१०.२०१६ रोजीच्या महाराष्ट्र टाइम्स या वर्तमानपत्रात प्रसिद्ध करण्यात आला असून प्रस्तुत  लेख रजिया पटेल यांनी लिहिला असून त्या पुरोगामी सामाजिक चळवळीतील कार्यकर्त्या आहेत. वाचनात आल्यानंतर आवडल्याने लीगल अवेअरनेस या ब्लॉग वर तो प्रसिद्ध करण्यात आला आहे. यात कोणताही स्वार्थ हेतू नसून केवळ लोकांना जागरूक करण्याची भावना आहे याची आपण कृपया नोंद घ्यावी.)  

स्त्रियांचे मानवी हक्क आणि मानव प्रतिष्ठा शाबूत ठेवणारे आणि समता आणि सामाजिक न्याय प्रस्थापित करणारे कायदे हवेत. आज महिलांसंबंधीच्या सर्वच कायद्यांची या आधारावर समीक्षा झाली पाहिजे. विशेषत: सर्व कुटुंबिक कायदे या दृष्टीने बघितले गेले पाहिजेत. 

              मुस्लिम व्यक्तिगत कायद्याचा प्रश्न पुन्हा ऐरणीवर आला आहे. देशभरात त्यावर उलट सुलट चर्चा सुरु आहे. या कायद्यात बदल केला जावा कि नाही याबाबत विविध मतप्रवाह समोर येत आहेत. त्यातला एक म्हणजे या कायद्यातील महिलांच्या विरोधात जाणाऱ्या तरतुदी बघता मुस्लिम महिलांनीच न्यायालयात धाव घेऊन या कायद्याला आव्हान दिले आहे. जुबानी तलाक, हलाल, बहुपत्नीत्व या विरोधात या महिला बोलत आहेत. या कायद्यात बदल झाला पाहिजे, असे त्यांचे म्हणणे आहे. 

            या बाबत दुसरा मतप्रवाह आहे तो ऑल इंडिया मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बोर्डाचा. त्यांचे म्हणणे आहे की हा कायदा दैवी आहे, त्यामुळे त्यात बदल होऊ शकत नाही. शिवाय हा कायदा धर्माधारित आहे त्यामुळे यात सरकारने ढवळाढवळ करू नये. 

              तिसरा मतप्रवाह आहे तो म्हणजे कायदा रद्द करून सामान नागरी कायदा झाला पाहिजे. जो सामान गरी कायद्याला विरोध करेल तो देशद्रोही. शिवाय बहुपत्नीत्वाची मान्यता या कायद्यात असल्याने 'वो पांच उनके पच्चीस' होणार त्यामुळे मुस्लिम पुरुषाला बहुपत्नीत्वाचा हक्क नसला पाहिजे, असे म्हणणारा प्रवाह. 

       चौथा मत प्रवाह आहे तो म्हणजे इस्लामिक कायद्याचे संहितीकरण झाले पाहिजे. (कोडिफिकेशन ऑफ मुस्लिम लॉ)  या मतप्रवाहात भारतीय भारतीय मुस्लिम महिला आंदोलन येते. त्यांचे म्हणणे आहे की, मुस्लिमांसाठी धर्माधारीतच कायदे असले पाहिजेत आणि धर्माची योग्य ती परिभाषा करून इस्लामी कायद्याचे संहितीकरण केले पाहिजे. 

      पाचवा मतप्रवाह आहे तो म्हणजे स्त्रियांना मानवी हक्क आणि न्याय देणारे कायदे हवेत. वैश्विक मानवी मुल्ये आणि मानवी हक्क यावर ते आधारलेले असले पाहिजेत. जेंडर जस्ट लॉज अशी त्यांची मागणी आहे. या सर्वांचा विस्ताराने परामर्श घेण्याची गरज आहे. 

        यातील पहिला प्रवाह आहे तो न्यायालयात धाव घेतलेल्या पीडित महिलांचा आहे. त्यांची वेदना समजून घेतली पाहिजे. त्याऐवजी आमचे धार्मिक कायदे बरोबरच आहेत, चूक माणसांची आहे, असे म्हणून धर्ममार्तंड त्यांच्या दुःखाची टर उडवतात. पण समाजात अश्या घटना घडत आहेत वास्तव आहे. धर्मग्रंथ काय म्हणतात या चर्चानी त्यांच्या दुःखावर फुंकर घालता येणार नाही. त्यामुळे पीडित महिलांच्या म्हणण्याचा सहानुभूतीपूर्वक आणि गंभीरपणे विचार झालाच पाहिजे. 

      दुसरा प्रवाह आहे तो ऑल इंडिया मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बॉर्डाचा हा कायदा दैवी आहे, धर्मांधारित आहे, त्यात बदल होऊ शकत नाही, सरकारने यात ढवळाढवळ करू नये, हा  आमच्या अस्मितेचा प्रश्न आहे. हा भारतातील धार्मिक विविधतेवर घाला आहे ईत्यादी. यातील एकही बाब तर्काच्या आधारावर टिकणारी नाही. एकतर हा कायदा १९३७ मध्ये ब्रिटिशांनी आणला. त्या आधी मुस्लिम समाजात रूढी- परंपरा, प्रांतीय रूढी-परंपरा या आधारावर कायदे कानून होते. मुस्लिम समाज हा मोनोलिथिक कधीच नव्हता. वेगवेगळ्या जाती, जमाती, पंथ, प्रांतीय विविधता त्यांच्यात आहे. ब्रिटिशांनी शरियत ऍक्ट १९३७ आणून सर्व मुसलमान समूहांची एक धार्मिक ओळख निर्माण केली. ज्या ब्रिटिशांच्या विरोधात १८५७ मध्ये मुसलमान धर्मगुरू लढले त्या ब्रिटिशांनीच केलेला कायदा दैवी कसा झाला. या कायद्यात बदल होऊ शकत नाही असे हे धर्ममार्तंड म्हंणतात पण ब्रिटिशांनीच शरियतचा गुन्हेगारी कायद्याचा भाग  वगळून फक्त कौटुंबिक कायदा ठेवला, शिवाय १९३९ मध्ये विवाहविच्छेद कायदा आणून न्यायालयात जाऊन तलाक मागण्याची मुभा मुस्लिम स्त्रीला दिली, स्वातंत्र्योत्तर भारतात भारत सरकारने विशेष विवाह कायदा १९५४ आणला ज्या अंतर्गत धार्मिक कायदे लागू होत नाहीत.  याशिवाय स्वतः मुस्लिम पर्सनल लॉ बॉर्डानेच शाहबानो प्रकरणाच्या वेळी उलट बदल घडवण्यासाठी रान पेटवून पोटगी हक्क कायद्यातून मुस्लिम स्त्रीला वागळण्यासाठी दबाव आणला आणि तत्कालीन राजीव गांधी सरकारने त्यासाठी घटना बदल करून कायदा आमलात आणला शिवाय न्यायालयांचे मुस्लिम महिलांच्या न्यायाच्या प्रश्नावर दिलेले वेगवेगळे निकाल आहेतच. त्यामुळे बदल होऊ शकत नाही, यात तथ्य नाही. राहिले धार्मिक ओळखीचा प्रश्न तर मुस्लिम समुदाय मोनोलिथिक नाही हे वास्तव आहे. शिया, सुन्नी, वहाबी, अहमदिया इ. पंथ तर खोजा, मेमन, मोपला, कच्छी ते  विविध जाती समूह मुस्लिम समाजात आहेत. त्यामुळेच शिया  धर्मगुरुंनी जुबानी तलाकची प्रथा कायद्याने रद्द करायला आमची हरकत नाही असे जाहीर केले कारण आताच्या मुस्लिम व्यक्तिगत कायद्यावर हनाफी पंथाचा  आहे. शिवाय मुस्लिम अस्मिता, मुस्लिम ओळख नष्ट होईल, या म्हणण्याला उत्तर गोवा प्रांताचे आहे. तिथे एकाच कायदा लागू असून तो जेंडर जस्टीस करणारा आहे का, यावर चर्चा होऊ  शकते परंतु एक कायदा असूनही  तिथल्या हिंदू, मुसलमान, ख्रिश्चन, यांची धार्मिक ओळख पुसली गेली आहे, असे नाही. 

      मात्र व्यतिगत कायद्यात बदल करून समान नागरी कायदा आणला पाहिजे अस्से म्हणणे असणाऱ्या हिंदुत्ववादी संघटनांनी मुस्लिम स्त्रियांच्या न्यायाचा प्रश्न हा मुस्लिम समाजाच्या विरोधात वापरण्याचे हत्यार बनवला शिवाय मुस्लिम स्त्रीच्या न्यायाचा प्रश्न राष्ट्रदोहाशी जोडला जणू त्यांनी हिंदू कोड बिलाला विरोध केलाच नव्हता. मात्र या सगळ्या प्रकाराने अल्पसंख्यक समुदायामध्ये भय आणि चिंतेचे वातावरण निर्माण होते. शिवाय सामान कायदा म्हणजे हिंदूंचा कायदा लागणार असे वाटू लागते इ . यात भर पडते ती अल्पसंख्यांक समूहांवर केल्या जाणाऱ्या हल्ल्यांची. त्यामुळे समाजाचे कलापिकारां होत जाते आणि पुन्हा धर्मांध शक्ती त्यांचा ताबा घेतात. या मतप्रवाहाला खरोखर बदल हवाच असतो, असे नाही अन्यथा हिंदुत्ववादाचा झेंडा घेतलेल्या भारतीय जनता पक्षाने सत्ता असलेल्या आपापल्या राज्यात याबाबत पुढाकार घेतल्याचे दिसले असते. शिवाय कॉमन सिव्हिल कोड आणि युनिफॉर्म सिव्हिल कोड यात फरक आहे ते स्पष्ट केले पाहिजे. भारताचे संविधान युनिफॉर्म सिव्हिल कोड शब्द वापरते. एकाच कायदा नाही तर सर्वांसाठी एकरूप नागरी संहिता ज्यात सांस्कृतिक विविधता शाबूत राहील आणि न्यायाचे तत्व सर्वांना सामान लागू होईल. 

      संविधानातील एकरूप नागरी संहितेच्या मार्गदर्शक तत्व सत्तेवर असलेल्या कोणत्याही सरकारने आणि कोणत्याही राजकीय पक्षाने गंभीरतेने घेतले नाही. आताच्या केंद्र सरकारच्या विधी आयोगाने तर युनिफॉर्म सिव्हिल कोडसाठी थेट जनतेलाच प्रश्नपत्र पाठवले आहे. पुरुषप्रधान समाजामध्ये स्त्रीला न्याय देणारे कायदे बनवण्यास लोकमत अनुकूल असते काय ? आणि कायदे लोकमतावर बनवले जातात काय ? जातिगत विषमता असलेल्या समाजात अस्पृश्यताविरोधी कायदा करताना असे लोकमत घेतले असते तर ? मुस्लिम स्त्रियांच्या न्यायाचा प्रश्न एकदम युनिफॉर्म सिव्हिल कोडवर कसा गेला, हाही प्रश्न उपस्थित होतोच. आणि युनिफॉर्म सिव्हिल कोडवर गेला तरी सरकारने त्याचा मसुदा तयार करून त्यावर चर्चा घडवून आणली पाहिजे हा मार्ग असू शकतो. इस्लामिक कायद्याचे साहित्यिकरण झाले पाहिजे असे म्हणणाऱ्या भारतीय मुस्लिम आंदोलनाने शरियत कोर्ट चालवली, महिला काझी प्रशिक्षित केल्या तरीही मुस्लिम महिला न्यायालयात धाव घेत आहेत, ही वस्तुस्तिथी आहे. शिवाय इस्लामिक कायद्यांच्या संहितीकरणात जो धोका आहे तो म्हणजे पुन्हा हा कायदा धर्ममार्तंडांचे हत्यार बनेल आणि तेच राजकारण पुन्हा सूरु होईल. शिवाय इस्लामच्या परिभाषेबाबत इतके भिन्न विचारप्रवाह आहेत की सर्वांचे एकमत होणे कठीण आहे. त्यावर पुरोगामी परिभाषा सांगणाऱ्या मतप्रवाहाचेच संहितीकरण होईल याची खात्री काय ? मुस्लिम महिलांनी याची वाट किती काळ बघावी आणि न्यापासून वंचित राहावे?

      यातला जो पाचवा प्रवाह आहे तो या सर्व धार्मिक राजकारणाच्या पलीकडे जाऊन सर्वच स्त्रियांना न्याय देणाऱ्या जेंडर जस्ट लॉची मागणी करतो. १९७५ नंतरच्या स्त्री चळवळीतून ही मागणी पुढे आली आहे.  आज अनेक मुस्लिम महिला चळवळींची ही ती मागणी आहे. यात बेबाक कलेक्टिव्ह नावाचे आठ प्रांतांमधील मुस्लिम महिला संघटनांचे एक नेटवर्क आहे त्यांची तसेच डाव्या महिला संघटनांचाही हाच दृष्टिकोन आहे. या दृष्टिकोनानुसार स्त्रियांचे मानवी हक्क आणि मानव प्रतिष्ठा शाबूत ठेवणारे आणि समता आणि सामाजिक न्याय प्रस्थापित करणारे कायदे हवेत. आज महिलांसंबंधीच्या सर्वच कायद्यांची या आधारावर समीक्षा झाली पाहिजे. विशेषतः सर्व कुटुंबिक कायदे या  दृष्टीने बघितले गेले पाहिजेत. भारतातल्या सर्वच स्त्रियांसाठी ते उपकारक ठरेल. 


         

  

  

BEWARE! ABOUT PAYING INSURANCE PREMIUMS...

Beware! Do you pay your Insurance Premium through your Insurance Agent? (Authority of Insurance)

 

 

 

If you hold a Life Insurance Policy  and are in the habit of making your insurance Premium through your insurance agent, then this article could be help to you in understanding the issues concerning the same and the validity of such a payment in the eyes of law. 

It is not uncommon to see the cases of repudiation of claim on the following grounds:

1. that the policy was revived / premium payment was made belatedly after the days of grace, that it is to say, after the policy had lapsed;

2. that the policy could be revived only during the lifetime of the policyholder and as the policyholder has died before the revival of the policy, the payment received after the death of the life assured viz. the policyholder will not revive the policy that had already lapsed. 

Such a scenario, in practice, may arise in the following contingencies:

a. the kith and kin of the deceased policy holder, would immediately look for his policies and make the pending premium payments, if any, normally on the date of death or immediately thereafter, in their anxiety to keep the policy in force but without revealing the death of the policyholder;

b. the premium would have, in fact, been entrusted to the agent to pay the same to the insurance company but unfortunately the premium would not have been paid by him in time (i.e. paid after the death of the policyholder).

You will see that in both the contingencies stated above, the basic facts remain the same- that the policy was revived after the death of the policyholder. The only difference between the two is that, in the latter case, the premium was tendered to the agent during the lifetime of the policyholder but was remitted late by the agent, i.e. after the death of the policyholder. 

In either case, the aggrieved nominee/ claimant (s)/ legal heirs of the deceased policyholder may seek to redress their grievance by challenging the repudiation. How good are their chances of success?   

Well, it is settled law that the question of revival of a policy could arise only if the premium is paid during the lifetime of the insured ( Supreme Court of India in Harshad J. Shah  & Anr. Vs. LIC of India  & Ors. - CA No. 7202  & 7203  of 1196; reported in AIR 1997 SC 2459). In the said case the premium was alleged to have been tendered to the agent of LIC of India when the insured (policyholder) was alive but it was the agent who had remitted it late to LIC after the death of the insured. It was argued that by the conduct of the insurer, LIC, in receiving premium through its agents, the policyholders were induced to believe that acts of agents in receiving premium from the policyholders were within the scope of agent's authority.

The Hon'ble Supreme Court held that be mere fact that the agent had obtained the bearer cheque from insured and after encashing the same had (belatedly) deposited the amount with LIC, it cannot be said that LIC induced the insured to believe that the agent was authorized to receive premium. It was held that the doctrine of apparent authority underlying Sec. 237 of the Indian Contract Act can not be invoked. 

The Hon'ble Court further held that the agent of LIC had neither an express or an implied authority to collect premium. 

In this context, it is interesting to note the provisions of Section 64 VB  (4) of the Insurance Act, 1938 which reads:

"Where an Insurance agents  collects a premium on policy of insurance on behalf of an insurer, he shall deposit with or despatch by post to, the insurer, the premium so collected in full without deduction of his commission within twenty four hours of the collections excluding bank and postal holidays."

It could be argued that a bare reading of the sub-section mentioned above would imply that it does not palce any restriction on an insurance agent  in collecting premium but simply says ' where an insurance agent who collects premium on behalf of the insurer, shall deposit the same with the insurer as stipulated above ? In other words, does it is not explicitly authorize insurance agent to collect premium on behalf of his principal? Then does it not confer an apparent authority on an insurance agent ? If it could be construed so, and as the insurance act is applicable to all insurers in India, cannot be a liabiltiy clearly fastened on he insurer (LIC in this case). 

or does the sub section deal with only those agents who are actually authorized by his principal, the insurer?

It has been held by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in Life Insurance Corporation of India Vs Jaya Chandel - (CA No. 1089/2008) also reported in I (2008) CPJ 81 (NC) that section 43 of the Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956 enumerates the various sections of the insurance act which are applicable to LIC and Section 64 VB is not one of them. Thus it is important to note that the section 64 VB is not applicable only to LIC.

Whereas, all other insurers are bound by that section.

Be that as it may be. What if it could be proved that the insurer had indeed induced the policyholders by his conduct to believe that his agents are authorized to receive premium on his behalf? 

The Hon'ble NCDRC had such a situation in ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd. Vs Gurmeet Singh (RP No. 1059/2011, decided on 01.09.2011).

The facts of the case was that the insured had issued a self cheque to the agent towards remittance of premium. The insurer contested that by issuing a 'self cheque' the insured had contravened the policy condition which clearly stated that, "any cash or cheque payment made towards first or renewal premium is deemed to be received by ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Co. Ltd., only when the same has been received by any of its office or collection point and after an official printed receipt is issued by the company." A plea was also advanced that an agent is advisor of the insured by the company and not the agent of the company and therefore, Insurance Company was not liable for any acts of the advisor. It was further averred by the insurer that the name of said agent had been removed from the list of authorized/approved agents prior to the date of issuance of cheque and, therefore, they were not liable for any act of omission or commission of a dismissed agent.

The Hon’ble NCDRC held that having garnered the policy through the agent, it did not be hve the Insurance Company to say that the agent was adviser for the insured and hence had nothing to do with him.  As regards the reliance of the Insurance Company on the clauses in the policy document, it could only be said that the said terms in general were not explained to the insured and in this particular case it could conclusively be held that the agent had not explained the terms/clauses since he himself persuaded the insured to issue a ‘self cheque’ and subsequently encashed the same with an ulterior motive and neither issued a receipt nor deposit the amount with the Insurance Company. The concept of insurance is based on utmost good faith and if the insured had trusted the agent who had earlier obtained the policy document for him, the conduct of the Insurance Company resorting to such clauses to frustrate the claim of the insured cannot be sustained. On the point of the agent having been dismissed or his name having been struck off from the list of authorized/approved agents, the same had to be rejected, firstly on the ground that the Insurance Company had failed to produce any evidence with regard to the date from which his name had been struck off and, secondly, also for the simple reason that the insured/complainant had not been informed/warned to refrain from dealing with the said agent.

I won’t be surprised if, after meditating on the subject, you prefer to play it safe by remitting your premium directly to the insurance company – perhaps by a simple on-line payment. In case, under unavoidable circumstances you give the premium to the agent, make sure that it reaches the insurer in time.

It is always better to avoid a litigation than winning it, whatever be your chances!

            

स्मरण ऑगस्ट क्रांती दिनाचे

बऱ्याच जणांना विचारले कि ९ ऑगस्ट म्हणजे आजच्या दिवसाचे महत्व काय आहे तर काहीजण म्हणतात आज क्रांती दिन आहे. पण क्रांती दिन म्हणजे नेमके काय..? ऑगस्ट क्रांती म्हणजे काय..? एक चळवळ .. मग कसली चळवळ ....??? फारच कमी जणांना याबददल माहिती आहे जी कि त्यांनी इतिहासाच्या पुस्तकात आभ्यासली सुद्धा आहे पण सांगता येत नाही. त्या सर्वांसाठी......

                                                 स्मरण ऑगस्ट क्रांती दिनाचे .... 
                                                         ............आणि त्याला असलेल्या अनन्यसाधारण महत्वाचे.

 
 दुसऱ्या महायुद्धात पाठिंबा घेऊनसुद्धा ब्रिटिशांनी भारताला स्वातंत्र्य दिले नाही, तेव्हा राष्ट्रपिता महात्मा गांधी यांनी " छोडो भारत" आंदोलनाची हाक दिली. हा स्वातंत्र्यासाठीचा अंतिम लढा होता. 'चले जाव' आणि ' करेंगे या मरेंगे' हे दोन स्फूर्तीदायक मंत्र  या लढ्याने दिले. या आंदोलनाची सुरुवात ९ ऑगस्ट १९४२ रोजी झाली होती. त्यामुळेच हा दिवस ' ऑगस्ट क्रांती दिन' म्हणून पाळला जातो. मुंबईच्या ज्या गवालिया टेंक मैदानातून या आंदोलनास सुरुवात झाली, ते आता 'ऑगस्ट क्रांती मैदान' नावाने ओळखले जाते. या आंदोलनाची आखणी भारतीय राष्ट्रीय काँग्रेसने ४ जुलै १९४२ रोजी तयार केलेल्या प्रस्तावाने झाली. आणि ८ ऑगस्ट रोजी आखिल भारतीय काँग्रेस समितीच्या मुंबई अधिवेशनात ' छोडो भारत' प्रस्ताव समंत करण्यात आला.

'छोडो भारत' प्रस्तावाची कुणकुण ब्रिटीश सरकारला लागली होती. सरकारने गांधीजींना ताब्यात घेवून पुण्याजवळील AAGAKHAN PALACE मध्ये ठेवले. कार्यकर्त्यांची धरपकड केली आणि अनेक वरिष्ठ कार्यकर्त्यांना नगरच्या किल्ल्यात कैदेत ठेवण्यात आले. नेते कैदेत असल्यामुळे आंदोलन होणार नाही, हा ब्रिटीशांचा अंदाज चुकला. तरुण नेत्या अरुणा असफअली यांनी गवालिया टेंक मैदानावर ठरल्याप्रमाणे ९ ऑगस्ट ला तिरंगा फडकावला आणि 'छोडो भारत' आंदोलनाचा  बिगुल वाजला. जागोजागी आंदोलने झाली. गांधीजीनी संपूर्ण आंदोलन अहिंसेच्या मार्गाने करण्याचे आवाहन केले होते; मात्र ब्रिटीशांना आता हुसकावून लावायचेच, या ध्येयाने झपाटलेल्या काही जणांकडून हिंसक घटनाही घडल्या. अनेक ठिकाणी जिल्हा प्रशासनाला हटविण्यात आले, अटक केलेल्या काही नेत्यांनी आणि कार्यकर्त्यांनी तुरुंग फोडून मुक्तता करवून घेतली आणि जागोजागी प्रशासनाला उखडून स्वातंत्र्य प्रशासनाची घोषना केली. दुसऱ्या महायुद्धामुळे जर्जर झालेल्या ब्रिटीशांची या आंदोलनामुळे तारांबळ उडाली. देशभरात ठिकठिकाणी गोळीबार झाला. शेकडो कार्यकर्त्यांना हौतात्म्य आले. लाखो कार्यकर्त्यांना अटक करण्यात आली; परंतु तरीही आंदोलन विझले नाही. प्रत्येकाने नेता बनावे, हे गन्दिजींचे आवाहन तंतोतंत पाळण्यात येत होते. अटक केलेल्या नेत्यांचा बाह्यजगाशी सुमारे तीन वर्षे संपर्काच नव्हता, तरीही आंदोलन थांबले नाही, हे १९४२ च्या आंदोलनाचे प्रमुख वैशिष्ट्य होय. 

अटकेत असलेल्या महात्मा गांधीनी आंदोलनकाळात प्रकृतीची पर्वा न करता २१ दिवस उपोषण केले. १९४४ मध्ये त्यांची प्रकृती खूपच नाजूक झाल्यामुळे त्यांची ब्रिटीशांनी सुटका केली. तोपर्यंत ब्रिटीशांनी परिस्थितीवर बऱ्यापैकी नियंत्रण मिळवले होते; परंतु गांधीजी आणि काँग्रेसला या आंदोलनामुळे देशातील काही नेत्यांच्या टीकेला सामोरे जावे लागले. १९४२ च्या आंदोलनाने 'आरपार लढाई' ची बीजे पेरली. ब्रिटीशांना हुसकावून लावल्या खेरीज स्वस्थ बसायचे नाही, या ध्येयाची ज्योत मनामनात चेतवली. भारताला स्वातंत्र्य देण्यावाचून गत्यंतर उरलेले नाही, हे ब्रिटीशांना कळून चुकले, ते याच आंदोलनामुळे. अमेरिकेचा महासत्ता म्हणून उदय होत होता. युद्धाची सूत्रेही अमेरिकेच्या हातात गेली होती. या बदलत्या परिस्थितीचा अंदाज घेवून, आंतरराष्ट्रीय घडामोडीचा अभ्यास करून योग्य वेळी केलेलं आंदोलन म्हणूनही 'छोडो भारत' आंदोलनाला वेगळे महत्व आहे. हेच या आंदोलनाचे दुसरे महत्वाचे वैशिष्ट्य होय. कॉंग्रेसच्या जुलै मधील बैठकीत जो प्रस्ताव तयार करण्यात आला , त्यात आंतरराष्ट्रीय परिस्थितीवर टिप्पणी करण्यात आली होती. ८ ऑगस्ट च्या काँग्रेस समितीच्या अधिवेशनात हा प्रस्ताव समंत करतानाही परिस्थितीचा उहोपोह करण्यात आल्याचे दिसून येते. 'ब्रिटीशांनी भारताला स्वातंत्र्य करणे देशाच्या आणि जगाच्या दृष्टीने आवश्यक आहे, असे समितीने म्हंटले होते.

स्वातंत्र्याप्राप्तीनंतरचे हंगामी सरकार कसे असेल, याचाही विचार समितीने केलेला होता. हे सरकार सर्व पक्ष आणि संघटनांच्या सहकार्याने बनेल आणि सर्व भागांतील जनतेचे प्रतिनिधित्व ते करेल. भारतावरील आक्रमणांचा अहिसांत्मक आणि लष्करी मार्गाने मुकाबला करून भारताचे संरक्षण करणे हे या सरकारचे प्राथमिक कार्य असेल. हे कार्य मित्रराष्ट्रांच्या सहकार्याने केले जाईल. शेती आणि कारखान्यांमध्ये कष्ट करणाऱ्यांच्या प्रगतीसाठी हे सरकार वचनबद्ध असेल. याच जनतेची भारतात खर्या अर्थाने सत्ता आहे. हंगामी सरकार घटना समितीची योजना तयार करेल व सर्व समाजघटकांना मान्य होईल आशी घटना तयार केली जाईल. घटनेत राज्यांना शक्य तेवढे स्वायत्त अधिकार दिले जातील, आशय अनेक भविष्य कालीन बाबींची योजना याच प्रस्तावात अंतर्भूत होती. तसेच परराष्ट्र धोरण काय राहील, हेही नमूद करण्यात आले होते. म्हणजेच संपूर्ण स्वातंत्र्यासाठी हा अंतिम लढा आहे, एवढे फक्त ठरवून स्वातंत्र्यलढयातील नेते थांबले नाहीत तर त्यांनी भविष्याच्या योजनाही आखल्या होत्या. याखेरीज स्वातंत्र्य मिळविणे हे या आंदोलनाचे ध्येय असले तरी केवळ भारतापुरता विचार न करता अनेक परतंत्र राष्ट्रांना पाठिंबा देण्याची भूमिका घेण्यात आली होती. त्यामुळेच 'छोडो भारत' आंदोलन आणि ९ ऑगस्ट या क्रांती दिनाला अनन्यसाधारण महत्व आहे.  
  
आपला आभारी.

जितेंद्र जगताप 
B.Com, LL.B
9619749203 
      

                

HOW TO AVOID GETTING DIVORCE (FOUR METHODS)

Date:- 21.06.2016

If your marriage has been in a tailspin, you or your spouse might be considering divorce. But it’s never too late to turn your marriage around. Changing yourself and the nature of your relationship will help you recover a healthy, fulfilling marriage.

                     METHOD ONE:- WORKING ON YOU

1. Listen to you Partner:-

Open and honest communication is crucial for a good marriage. Listen patiently when your partner comes to you with problems or concerns about your relationship. Being attentive in conversation will help you understand what makes them unhappy and give you a chance to take action. 

• If you have questions about what you can do to make your partner happier and more satisfied, you should feel free to ask them.
• Expect your partner to listen to you with an equal amount of respect.
• If your partner is verbally abusive, belittling, or refuses to engage in conversation, let them know how their behavior makes you feel – hopeless, alone, and dejected. 

2. Stay Positive:-

Your spouse fell in love with a happy and emotionally balanced person. If you have become exhausted by conflict in the relationship or no longer feel your marriage is salvageable, take a step back. It’s natural to feel down about conflicts in your relationship, but try to focus on the big picture. When you feel depressed about the state of your relationship, think back on all the good times you’ve had with your spouse.

• Your happiness should not be dependent on the other person. Focus on being the best you can be, even if your partner is not.
• If you expect the worst from your partner, you’re more likely to see and focus on your conflicts and problems. Try to be attentive to subtle, positive changes in how you and your partner interact. Share these positive changes with your partner.

3. Be Flexible:- 

Don’t demand that everything be done your way. Marriage is a cooperative partnership. Neither of you will get your way all the time. If you and your partner have different goals and ideas -- whether its about where to move or where to dine -- hear each other out.

• Have conversations, not monologues. Listen to your partner and expect that he or she will listen to you.
• Let certain things go. Imagine that you wanted chicken but she made soup, or you wanted to see a play but he insists on going to the ball game. In either case, and with either decision, life goes on. Pick your battles and let the trivial stuff go.
• Being flexible doesn’t mean your spouse should walk all over you. There are times when the decision not to make concessions is the right one.

4. Keep Up Appearance:-

While physical attraction is only one part of love, in our visual culture, it plays an important role in how we think about and relate to our partner. When you go out with your spouse, dress nicely to show that you consider your time together special. Take care of your health, too. Eat a nutritious, balanced diet with lots of fruit and vegetables. Aim for thirty minutes of exercise each day. Dressing well and taking care of your appearance will keep your partner attracted to you.

5. Practice Healthy Communication:- 

Only speak to your partner when you are in a mood and state appropriate to do so. Do not yell at your spouse. If you feel anger building on your side or your spouse’s, suggest that you both take some time out to cool off and resume the conversation later.

• Avoid trigger topics, the issues and problems which lead you and your spouse to bicker.
• Communicate only while sober and rested.

6. Balance Your Time:- 

Healthy couples should spend time together as well as apart. Catch a movie, play mini-golf, go bowling – whatever it is you both enjoy doing, do it together. Try new things and have adventures that you can bond over. But when you need some alone time to recharge, let your partner know. You and your partner are not clones, and won’t be interested in all the same activities. Give each other space to pursue the hobbies and interests you each enjoy.

• Try to set aside specific days or time periods for date nights.
• In addition to spending time alone, spend time with your friends.

7. Stay Loyal to your Spouse:-

It might seem tempting to have a brief fling or an extended affair with someone who gives you the attention and affection that your spouse won’t. But remember, your spouse, not your fling, is your family. Violating the bond of marriage can propel you toward divorce and leave you feeling guilty.

• Identify situations or individuals you know may lead you to infidelity and avoid them wherever possible.

                    METHOD TWO:- ACCEPTING YOUR PARTNER

1. See them as they are:-  

There are always two versions of a person: the person they are, and the person you see them as. Sometimes these two identities are closely in alignment, while other times they are not. It is important to recognize your partner’s faults and flaws, but also to recognize their good qualities. When you find yourself obsessing over their deficiencies, remind yourself of how sweet, thoughtful, and affectionate they can be. Give your partner a fair hearing when they insist they can and will change, and be open to the possibility of their doing so.

• Demanding that the other person change will not make them or you happy. They will feel trapped by your demands, and you will feel frustrated by the lack of change.
• Do not compare your partner with anyone else.

2. Focus on your Partners good quality:- 

Think back to when you first met and fell in love with your spouse. Reminiscing about these good times will help you see their good side more clearly in the present. If you’re constantly on the lookout for your partner’s flaws, instead of their positive qualities, you will see them in abundance.

3. Empathize with your partner:-

Put yourself in your spouse position. Do you treat them with the same level of respect that you expect for yourself? How do you feel when someone wants you to make a drastic (or even a minor) change to your personality? Most of us resist hearing that we are doing something wrong or irritating. We become defensive, hurt, and angry.

• Understanding how and why your spouse reacts to criticism will help you soften your approach. Explaining that you feel attacked or hurt by their demands will, in turn, help them soften theirs.

4. Think about the big picture:- 

Nobody is perfect. You and your spouse need to be honest with each other and with yourselves about what qualities, habits, or idiosyncrasies are truly grounds for divorce, and which are merely irritating or inconvenient. You may think your spouse snores too loudly; walks like a duck; makes too many grammatical errors; or is a shabby dresser. But these things don’t have to mean an end to your marriage. Understanding your partner’s limitations and flaws, as well as your own, is an important step towards recovering a happy marriage.

5. Accept yourself:- 

Often, our judgmental attitude of other comes from a feeling of disappointment with ourselves. Search your feelings as to why you have such high expectations of your spouse, or why you demand so much of them. Is it because you are not completely content with yourself personally or professionally? If so, it will be difficult for you to accept others as well.

• Lower your expectations of yourself to a realistic level and recognize that you and your spouse are both flawed in your own ways.
• Do not expect your spouse alone to provide feelings of fulfillment.

                        METHOD THREE:- WORKING TOGETHER

1. Reinvigorate your Sex Life:- 

Sex is an important part of a healthy relationship. With the possibility of divorce close at hand, it may be difficult to have a good sex life. But physical and emotional intimacy go hand in hand, and both are equally important if you hope to stave off divorce.

• Make time for romance. Everyone is busy, but scheduling date nights will give you time to set the mood. Try a romantic candle-lit dinner (either at a restaurant or at home), see a movie, or just go bowling. Before you head to the bedroom, though, it is important to give your spouse the love and attention they have been missing. Tell them you love them and enjoy spending time with them.
• Place scented candles and flowers around the bedroom. Massage your partner’s hands, feet, and shoulders prior to intercourse. Arousing the senses can be an important first step toward reigniting your partner’s libido.
• If you feel your sex life is stale, try new positions or try wearing lingerie. You could try reading erotica to one another, or watching porn. Take turns leading the session on alternate nights to ensure maximum variety.

2. Talk about your dreams and desires:- 

In addition to communicating about everyday needs and situations (“We need to do the laundry”), it is important to share your deepest fears, hopes, and dreams with your partner to build emotional intimacy. Use phrases like “I believe...” or “I hope...” when presenting your vision of your and your spouse’s future. Thinking about and sharing these thoughts and feelings can help you both realize that there are possibilities for your marriage beyond divorce.

• Ask questions of both yourself and your spouse such as:
  • What great things do I think my spouse is capable of? How can I empower them to achieve their best?
  • Where would I like to travel to with my spouse?
  • What am I looking forward to doing with my spouse when I retire?
• Invite your spouse to share his or her dreams and desires as well. Thinking and talking about your future together helps rectify it.
• Do not use these conversations to complain or engage in negative thinking.

3. Identify what needs to change:- 

If you’re considering divorce, it’s likely there are real problems for which both of you are partially to blame. Don’t blame your partner for all the problems in your marriage. Have a dialogue with your spouse so you can come to a mutual understanding of what has gone wrong, and how it can be fixed.

• Express the problems you perceive with “I” statements, as in “I wish we spent more time together,” as opposed to “You never want to spend time with me.” These are less likely to be perceived as critical and will produce more positive results.
• When blamed unfairly, defend yourself, but don’t counterattack when criticized. Try to see the conflict from your spouse’s point of view.

4. Strengthen your connection with your spouse:- 

Be generous with your partner in your affections and compliments. This will help rekindle the love you once had together. Fulfill their emotional needs first as well as their material ones. Love your partner the way you want to be loved.

• Tell your spouse you love them every day.
• Surprise your spouse with little gifts that they’ll enjoy. Make dinner for them, buy them flowers, or take them shopping.
• It may take time to rebuild trust and affection for your partner. Be patient and continue to work at it.

5. Let go of the past:- 

Talk with your partner about occasions when they hurt or upset you. If you wish, write the list down. This should not be a complete list, but it should include the most painful memories or experiences that you and your partner have held onto, and which have inspired mutual resentment. You and your partner will likely have different lists. Talk about each incident in turn. Each of you should acknowledge how you contributed to the misunderstanding and apologize.

• Practice forgiveness even if your partner will not.

6. Be open to change:- 

Agree to make changes in your routines or interaction if you feel it will help. Make it clear that you will try your best, but it might take you some time to get used to them. Then, really try your best in implementing the promised changes and show that you are sincere. Ask the same in return.

7. Seek counselling:- 

Couples counselling with a therapist will help you work through the problems with a neutral mediator. The therapist provides an objective point of view and can offer advice on communication strategies, conflict resolution, and general guidance on improving a problematic marriage.

• Couples counselling usually lasts one hour, once a week. Working more often with the counselor might yield more results.
• Group therapy is another useful type of counselling, and introduces couples going through similar periods of stress to each other for an extended discussion about how they are working through their issues. Group therapy provides the opportunity to gain new understandings and ideas about your own relationship.

                       METHOD FOUR:- TRYING SEPARATION

1. Suggest a trial separation:-  

A trial separation is an informal period of separation during which the couple temporarily separates. This gives each party a chance to examine their feelings and lives away from the constant influence and presence of the other. Trial separations could help you and your spouse remember how much you miss and need each other. “Distance makes the heart grow fonder,” as the old saying goes.

• Your spouse may not be open to the idea of trial separation. Explain to them how beneficial it would be to mutually “take a break” and have some time to think through what you both really want from the marriage.

2. Decide how long stay separately:- 

Between three and six months is the ideal trial separation period. A longer period may make it difficult to reconcile with other person as both you and your spouse begin to settle into the single life.

3. Set the terms:- 

When you move forward with a trial separation, there are a number of financial and lifestyle questions you both need to agree upon. Put the terms of the separation in writing so as to avoid any confusion between you and your spouse. Important questions to ask include:

• Are both of you moving out? Or just one?
• Where will each of you go?
• Will bank accounts need to be divided or shared? Credit cards?

4. think about your kids:-

If you have children, make sure you are open about the process with them. Help your children understand the situation and let them know that despite the conflict between you and your spouse, both of you still love them.^[27]

• Children may react badly to the trial separation. They may become clingy or refuse to go to school. Older kids and teens may become withdrawn or angry. Talk to your child’s teachers about your home situation so they can look for signs that your child may be acting out.
• Children may believe something they have done caused the separation. Let them know that the situation between you and your spouse is not their fault and nothing they have done could cause it.
• Arrange appropriate care and visitation schedules for your children. Try not to ship your children back and forth from one household to another more than once a week, and ensure that their schooling is not interrupted.

5. Use your time wisely:-

Whatever was causing your domestic problems initially, it will not fix itself simply because you and your spouse are separated. Whether you proposed or opposed the trial separation, talk to a therapist about how and why your marriage ended up in its current state.

• Ideally, you would continue attending couples therapy even while you live separately. A trial separation should not be a complete shutdown of communication between you and your spouse. Work on sorting out your differences with the help of a counselor.
• Do not use the trial period to pretend you are single. Do not date other people or engage in romantic flings. The goal of the trial period is to find a new perspective on your relationship that only distance can bring.

6. Arrive at Decision:- 

As the end of the trial period approaches, evaluate your experience. Are the problems in your relationship really insurmountable? Or did the trial separation demonstrate that you miss and love your spouse so much that divorce would be disastrous? Talk with your spouse about your feelings and elicit theirs.

• It may be that you and your spouse do not reach the same conclusion about the state of your marriage. Be prepared to move forward with a divorce at the end of the trial separation if either of you deem it necessary.

Advice:- 

• You should not try to fix a broken relationship. If your spouse has physically harmed you, your children, or your family, or acted aggressively in any way, divorce is the best option. *Seek immediate protection from physical harm. Contact your local shelter, police, family, or friends and tell them you need help.
• Don't feel obligated to stay married for the sake of your children.
• Don’t discount divorce altogether. Some people just aren't compatible together.